A Japanese tattoo artist who argued he should not have to hold a medical certificate to practise has lost his case and been ordered to pay a fine.
Under Japanese law all tattoo artist require a formal medical qualification.
Police raided the studio of Taiki Masuda in 2015 but he refused to pay the ensuing fine and asked for a trial.
The case, the first of its kind, has drawn international attention to tattoo culture in Japan, where many associate the body art with organised crime.