Based on China's experience and guidelines from the World Health Organization, Japan has implemented a cluster-based approach to disease control.
Nevertheless, there have been several major factors that have combined to slow down Japan's progress in the fight against COVID-19.
According to the National Institute of Public Health, 33% of Class 1 hospitals are lacking in infectious disease experts.
The most recent biannual survey of doctors in 2018 identified only 531 designated infectious disease specialists.
Yet, despite gloomy forecasts by Japanese politicians, so-called experts, and the media -- especially overseas media -- Japan's status with respect to COVID-19 remains relatively good.